@denningScienceComputingARPANET1989
[!info] - Cite Key: @denningScienceComputingARPANET1989 - Link: JSTOR Full Text PDF - Bibliography: Denning, PJ. 1989 The Science of Computing: The ARPANET after Twenty Years. American Scientist 77(6): 530–534.
Annotations¶
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Imported on 2023-04-02 2:23 pm¶
Relevant / important¶
[!quote|#a28ae5] Highlight et, reflect on its influence on our practices, and speculate about the issues that will be faced by designers of networks in the futur
What the author is doing
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[!quote|#a28ae5] Highlight contract to a group headed by Frank Heart at Bolt Beranek and Neumann (bbn) to build the first interface message processors (imps), computers as proposed by Davies to translate between messages and packets. T
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[!quote|#a28ae5] Highlight anet would need to connect to other networks. This realization inspired a reworking of the original end-to-end protocol, which was called ncp (network control protocol), produc ing in its place a matched pair of protocols called tcp (transport control protocol) and ip (internet protocol). ip
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[!quote|#a28ae5] Highlight d the National Research and Education Network (1). In the remainder of this essay I would like to consider these events in a way that reveals why this twenty-year-old invention, networking, should have had such an effect on the world, an effect more profound than that of the more spectacular and expensive Apollo moon missions.
Thesis P2
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[!quote|#a28ae5] Highlight A careful examination discerns five major stages in the progress of a technological discourse (my analysis is guided by conversations with Fernando Flores and a paper by Joel Birnbaum 15]): declarations, prototypes, tools, industries, and widespread practices. The passage through these stages is not smooth and regular, but rather is best characterized as a drift affected by many events that make it impossible to predict what the practices will ultimately be. The time scale for the drift from the first to the last stage is long?one or two generations, or 20 to 5
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[!quote|#a28ae5] Highlight By recognizing that these discourses will mix to gether in the world of networking, we can see that opportunities for better design will arise from our lear
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[!quote|#a28ae5] Highlight ing the concerns and blind spots of each discourse. We can also anticipate the conflicts and misunderstandings that may arise
The why these different fields matter.
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[!quote|#a28ae5] Highlight These three examples illustrate the types of ques tions network designers must face in the years ahead, questions that are not purely technological but are thor oughly intertwined with the human practices that arise around networks o
The need for ethics in technology has never been as big of a deal as it has been with computers.
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Agree¶
[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight Early development of intercontinental ballistic missiles. The Department of Defense was concerned about the ability of US forces to survive a nuclear first strike, and it was obvious that this depended on the durability of our communication network.
A topic I have seen far too many times, the idea that war and national defense is a major factor for advancements.
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[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight k using telephone trunk lines ranging in speed from 100 kilobits per second to 1.5 megabits per second,
Wow! that is very slow, nowadays people would be outraged if they only had 40 megabits per second.
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[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight telephone links between computers, Roberts concluded that the packet-switching architecture of the proposals of Baran and Davies would be required to overcome slow and unreliable telephone circuits and would, moreover, be cheaper.
Another big requirement for research, if the product will be economically viable. I have noticed this to be a theme throughout the readings in this course.
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[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight envisioned a network to connect the centers that would be fast and robust under failures and that would work with the operating systems of the many vendors whose com puters were in use at the various centers.
Sort of an anti-monopoly view, he wants the ability to connect many different systems from different vendors into one network one relying on the infrastructure of each company.
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[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight and most users thought of the network as a way of communicating
research collaborations, not one group hogging all their information.
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[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight As the Internet grew, the original method of naming nodes became unwieldy; a hierarchical naming system that allowed each "domain" to select its own internal addresses was introduced in 1984
The need for standardized naming, when IP addresses come into play.
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Tipping points of widespread adoption
Tipping points of widespread adoption
Tipping points of widespread adoption
[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight Around 1965 the first design proposals were put forth. By 1970 the first prototypes were operating in the early Arpanet. The first tools were in place in 1975; these included electronic mail, file trans port, remote login, and telephone login. Industries were emerging by 1980: community networks such as csnet, bitnet, and Usenet and also commercial networks such as gte Telenet. By 1985 widespread practices had evolved around the network, such as linking of workstations through local networks to the Research Internet, alter ations of office practices around work
It seems that the internet developed far faster than every other technology we have seen so far.
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[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight Word processing, shifts in the responsibilities of secre taries, collaborations over networks, setting up of elec tronic bulletin boards, and attacks by intruders, worms, and viruses
(Continue of above)
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[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight There have been major surprises as well that altered the drift's direction. Electronic mail was not mentioned among the original goals of the Arpanet, and yet within two years, as we have seen, it was the major source of traff
It seems that the possibilities of what the internet could be used for is an explanation of why it developed so quickly, all these different people working on the same tech but for a slightly different purpose. A lot less limited compared to the telegraph which its advancements were just make it faster and carry more messages.
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[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight High-speed personal workstations became increasingly cheap and powerful and are now individual nodes in the networks
Again, the economical view of it being affordable to the average person.
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[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight Thus the significance of the Arpanet and its derivatives lies not in the networking technology but in the fundamental shifts in human practices that have resulte
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[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight The discourse of scientific technology looks ahead to a high-tech world of scientific research, featuring by the year 2000 supercomputers with 1 to 10 teraflops perfor mance, networks with 1 to 2 gigabits bandwidth, porta ble computers and smart cards linked by radio to the world network, and in every workstation 3-D animated graphics, high-definition TV screens, audio, video, fax, voice input, and speech output
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[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight The discourse of higher education holds that knowl edge encompasses a structured set of information, teach ing is the transmission of a subset of this information into the minds of students, and research is the discovery of new information already existing in the worl
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[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight The discourse of government includes a concern for competing in international markets, maintaining the na tional research lead, and developing a faster manufactur ing capability, a desire to be world leader in all areas, and a suspicion of multinational cooperative ventures.
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[!quote|#5fb236] Highlight . Those who do make allowances for business practices will devise means of combining the best features of fax with those of electronic mai
Inspired to find the best of both worlds
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Definitions / concepts¶
[!quote|#2ea8e5] Highlight rther, Baran proposed that messages be broken into units of equal size and that the network route these message units along a functioning path to their destination, where they would be reassembled into co herent wholes. B
The idea of a packet.
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[!quote|#2ea8e5] Highlight . Facsimile transmission?the now-ubiquitous fax?has also emerged as an indepen dent industry
Finally, the fax is introduced.
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[!quote|#2ea8e5] Highlight I see four major discourses: scientific technology, busi ness, higher education, and government
Four different branches for the key developments of the internet.
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Disagree¶
[!quote|#ff6666] Highlight . This discourse is baffled by complaints of students who say that they graduate with out practical competence in their disciplines, without the ability to learn new subjects, and without a sense that their research is relevant to the world
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